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Lower Back Pain: Causes, Diagnosis, and Treatment

Common but manageable

Lower back pain is one of the most common health issues affecting people of all ages. It can manifest itself as a dull ache or a sharp, shooting pain or even something else but it is a fact that it can interfere with daily activities, work and overall quality of life. Hence, understanding the causes, methods of diagnosis and available treatments can be invaluable in helping to manage the condition effectively. Proper management can prevent it from becoming chronic.

What causes Lower Back Pain?

Lower back pain can arise from a variety of sources — muscles, ligaments, bones, or nerves. Some of the most common causes include:

• Muscle or ligament strain: Sudden movements, improper lifting or poor posture can strain muscles and ligaments, leading to pain and stiffness.
• Degenerative disc disease: The discs between the vertebrae lose flexibility and cushioning with age, causing pain during movement.
• Herniated or slipped disc: When a spinal disc bulges or ruptures, it can compress nearby nerves, resulting in sharp pain, numbness or tingling in the lower body.
• Arthritis and spinal stenosis: Osteoarthritis can narrow the space around the spinal cord (spinal stenosis), putting pressure on nerves and causing chronic discomfort.
• Poor posture and sedentary lifestyle: Sitting for long hours, especially with inadequate back support, weakens muscles and strains the lower spine over time.

In some cases, lower back pain can also be linked to medical conditions such as kidney stones, infections or inflammatory diseases like ankylosing spondylitis.

Diagnosis of Lower Back Pain

A detailed medical history and physical examination is essential for doctors to be able to identify the cause of lower back pain. Patients are often asked about the onset, duration and nature of their pain, along with any associated symptoms such as leg numbness or weakness.

If the pain persists or is severe, imaging tests may be recommended, such as:

• X-rays: To detect bone abnormalities, fractures or arthritis.
• MRI or CT scans: To visualise soft tissues like muscles, discs and nerves in detail.
• Blood tests: To rule out infections or inflammatory conditions.
• Nerve studies (EMG): To evaluate nerve function and identify possible compression.

What is the right treatment for lower back pain?

Treatment for lower back pain depends on the underlying cause and severity. Most cases improve with non-surgical methods such as:

• Rest and activity modification: Short periods of rest combined with gentle movement.
• Physical therapy: Strengthening core and back muscles improves posture and reduces recurrence.
• Pain relief medication: Over-the-counter painkillers, anti-inflammatory drugs or muscle relaxants help.
• Hot and cold therapy: Alternating between heat and ice packs can relieve pain and inflammation.
• Lifestyle changes: Maintaining a healthy weight, exercising regularly and using ergonomic furniture can prevent future episodes.

However, in severe or persistent cases, injections (such as corticosteroids) may be given, or surgical procedures undertaken to relieve nerve compression or stabilise the spine.

Dealing with this disorder

The good thing about lower ack pain is that it is often manageable with the right combination of rest, therapy, and preventive measures. Early diagnosis and treatment can significantly reduce discomfort and restore mobility.